World Mental Health Day (October 10), is a day for global mental
health education, awareness and advocacy. It was first celebrated in
1992 at the initiative of the World Federation for Mental Health, a
global mental health organization with members and contacts in more than
150 countries.This
day, each October thousands of supports come to celebrate this annual
awareness program to bring attention to Mental Illness and its major
effects on peoples' life worldwide.In some countries this day is part of
the larger Mental Illness Awareness Week
jeudi 24 mai 2012
PSYCHIATRIC-MENTAL HEALTH NURSE
PSYCHIATRIC-MENTAL HEALTH NURSE
Background:
The need for psychiatric mental health nursing has its roots near the
end of the 19th century when it was believed that patients in mental
hospitals should receive nursing care. Psychiatric mental health
nursing has since come a long way, with psychiatric-mental health
content incorporated into all diploma and baccalaureate nursing
programs. As new needs for services developed in the health care arena,
the role and function of the psychiatric-mental health nurse expanded,
leading to advanced practice registered nurses in psychiatric-mental
health nursing (APRN-PMH). Psychiatric-mental health nurses are a rich
resource as providers of psychiatric-mental health services and patient
care partners for the consumers of those services.
Roles:
The clinical practice of psychiatric nursing occurs at two levels - basic and advanced. At the basic level, registered nurses work with individuals, families, groups, and communities to assess mental health needs, develop diagnoses, and plan, implement, and evaluate nursing care. Basic level nursing practice characterized by interventions that promote and foster health, assess dysfunction, assist clients to regain or improve their coping abilities, and prevent further disability. These interventions focus on psychiatric-mental health clients and include health promotion, preventive management of a therapeutic environment; assisting client with self-care activities; administering and monitoring psychobiological treatment regimens; health teaching; including psychoeducation; crisis intervention and counseling and case management.
Registered nurses who seek additional education and obtain a masters or doctoral degree can become advanced practice nurses in the specialty (Psychiatric-Mental Health Clinical Nurse Specialists or Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners). After post-master's supervised clinical practice, they can become certified as specialists in adult, or child and adolescent psychiatric-mental health nursing. In addition to the functions performed at the basic level, these advanced practice nurses assess, diagnose, and treat psychiatric disorders and potential mental health problems. They provide the full range of primary mental health care services to individuals, families, groups and communities, function as psychotherapists, and in some states they have the authority to prescribe medications. Psychiatric-mental health nurses in advanced practices are qualified to practice independently to offer direct care services in settings such as agencies, communities, homes, hospitals, and offices. Some psychiatric-mental health clinical nurse specialists practice consultation/liaison nursing, delivering mental health services to physically ill patients or consultation to staff in general medical settings.
Because of their broad background in biological, pharmacological, sociological, and psychological sciences, psychiatric-mental health nurses are a rich resource as providers of psychiatric-mental health services and patient care partners for the consumers of those services. Specialties:
Psychiatric nursing sub-specialties include, but are not limited, to child, adolescent, adult, geriatric, consult/liaison, substance abuse, eating disorders, forensic. Certification in a sub-specialty is possible through ANCC and various sub-specialty organizations.
Qualifications:
A psychiatric-mental health nurse must possess the following knowledge: Biologic and psychological theories of mental health and mental illness, psychotherapeutic modalities, substance abuse and dual diagnosis, care of populations at risk, community milieu as a therapeutic modality, cultural and spiritual implications of nursing care, family dynamics in mental health and illness, psychopharmacology, legal and technical factors, including documentation specific to the care of those with a mental illness.
A psychiatric-mental health nurse must possess the following skills: Comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment, interdisciplinary collaboration, identification and coordination of relevant resources for clients and families, use of psychiatric diagnostic classification systems, therapeutic communication, therapeutic use of self, psychoeducation with clients and families, and administering and monitoring psychopharmacologic agents.
Practice Settings:
Psychiatric-mental health nurses work in a wide array of inpatient and outpatient such as full or partial hospitals, community-based or home care programs, and local, state, and federal mental health agencies. Other settings include: School/college of nursing, private practice, military, primary care office, prison/jail, home health agency, behavioral care company/HMO.
Salary Range: A psychiatric-mental health nurse - basic (RN) level national annual salary range: $25,000-$47,000 (dependent on geographical location).
A psychiatric-mental health nurse - advanced (APRN-PMH) level national annual salary range: $50,000-$70,000.
Education:
A generalist PMH nurse holds either a BSN, AD, or diploma.
An advanced PMH nurse (APRN-PMH) holds a masters or doctoral degree, is ANCC certified, and has an advanced practice license from the state in which he/she practices.
Roles:
The clinical practice of psychiatric nursing occurs at two levels - basic and advanced. At the basic level, registered nurses work with individuals, families, groups, and communities to assess mental health needs, develop diagnoses, and plan, implement, and evaluate nursing care. Basic level nursing practice characterized by interventions that promote and foster health, assess dysfunction, assist clients to regain or improve their coping abilities, and prevent further disability. These interventions focus on psychiatric-mental health clients and include health promotion, preventive management of a therapeutic environment; assisting client with self-care activities; administering and monitoring psychobiological treatment regimens; health teaching; including psychoeducation; crisis intervention and counseling and case management.
Registered nurses who seek additional education and obtain a masters or doctoral degree can become advanced practice nurses in the specialty (Psychiatric-Mental Health Clinical Nurse Specialists or Psychiatric Nurse Practitioners). After post-master's supervised clinical practice, they can become certified as specialists in adult, or child and adolescent psychiatric-mental health nursing. In addition to the functions performed at the basic level, these advanced practice nurses assess, diagnose, and treat psychiatric disorders and potential mental health problems. They provide the full range of primary mental health care services to individuals, families, groups and communities, function as psychotherapists, and in some states they have the authority to prescribe medications. Psychiatric-mental health nurses in advanced practices are qualified to practice independently to offer direct care services in settings such as agencies, communities, homes, hospitals, and offices. Some psychiatric-mental health clinical nurse specialists practice consultation/liaison nursing, delivering mental health services to physically ill patients or consultation to staff in general medical settings.
Because of their broad background in biological, pharmacological, sociological, and psychological sciences, psychiatric-mental health nurses are a rich resource as providers of psychiatric-mental health services and patient care partners for the consumers of those services. Specialties:
Psychiatric nursing sub-specialties include, but are not limited, to child, adolescent, adult, geriatric, consult/liaison, substance abuse, eating disorders, forensic. Certification in a sub-specialty is possible through ANCC and various sub-specialty organizations.
Qualifications:
A psychiatric-mental health nurse must possess the following knowledge: Biologic and psychological theories of mental health and mental illness, psychotherapeutic modalities, substance abuse and dual diagnosis, care of populations at risk, community milieu as a therapeutic modality, cultural and spiritual implications of nursing care, family dynamics in mental health and illness, psychopharmacology, legal and technical factors, including documentation specific to the care of those with a mental illness.
A psychiatric-mental health nurse must possess the following skills: Comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment, interdisciplinary collaboration, identification and coordination of relevant resources for clients and families, use of psychiatric diagnostic classification systems, therapeutic communication, therapeutic use of self, psychoeducation with clients and families, and administering and monitoring psychopharmacologic agents.
Practice Settings:
Psychiatric-mental health nurses work in a wide array of inpatient and outpatient such as full or partial hospitals, community-based or home care programs, and local, state, and federal mental health agencies. Other settings include: School/college of nursing, private practice, military, primary care office, prison/jail, home health agency, behavioral care company/HMO.
Salary Range: A psychiatric-mental health nurse - basic (RN) level national annual salary range: $25,000-$47,000 (dependent on geographical location).
A psychiatric-mental health nurse - advanced (APRN-PMH) level national annual salary range: $50,000-$70,000.
Education:
A generalist PMH nurse holds either a BSN, AD, or diploma.
An advanced PMH nurse (APRN-PMH) holds a masters or doctoral degree, is ANCC certified, and has an advanced practice license from the state in which he/she practices.
Mental health nursing
This page introduces mental health nursing.
What is it?
One of the most complex and demanding areas of nursing. As many as one
in three people are thought to suffer some form of mental health
problem. For many, mental illness is brought on by a crisis in life,
which they can't cope with, such as depression after the death of a
partner. A mental health nurse may be part of a team working with
people who may have been excluded from services through drug or alcohol
abuse.
The range of conditions is vast: neuroses, psychoses, psychological and personality disorders all come under the broad heading of mental health.
The range of conditions is vast: neuroses, psychoses, psychological and personality disorders all come under the broad heading of mental health.
What does it involve?
The key role and challenge is to form therapeutic relationships with
mentally ill people and their families. Most mentally ill people are
not cared for in hospital but in the community.
You might be based in a community health care centre, day hospital and outpatients department or specialist unit. You will need to have a good understanding of the theories of mental health and illness.
You might be based in a community health care centre, day hospital and outpatients department or specialist unit. You will need to have a good understanding of the theories of mental health and illness.
hat are the special demands?
Your main tool as a mental health nurse will be the strength of your
own personality and communication skills. You will need to empathise
with the people you are dealing with and show warmth and care about
them. Regrettably there is still some stigma attached to mental
illness. Combating this and helping the individuals and their families
deal with it is a key part of the job.
The danger of violence is often associated with this branch of nursing and one of the special skills required is to spot a build up of tension and defuse it.
Dealing with the human mind and behaviour is not an exact science. The job of helping people back to mental health is every bit as valuable and satisfying as caring for those with a physical illness.
It is possible to combine training as a mental health nurse with social work.
The danger of violence is often associated with this branch of nursing and one of the special skills required is to spot a build up of tension and defuse it.
Dealing with the human mind and behaviour is not an exact science. The job of helping people back to mental health is every bit as valuable and satisfying as caring for those with a physical illness.
It is possible to combine training as a mental health nurse with social work.
lundi 6 février 2012
Healthy mind, healthy body' programme launched
Times NIE, Tupperware India joined hands in making the youth of India healthy, reports Ainee Nizami
With assignments to complete, deadlines to meet, classes to attend and pressure to perform well, students today have no time to spare for their health. The fast paced lives they lead leave no room to consider the harmful effects that junk food, lack of sleep and stress leads to,. Keeping this in mind, Times NIE and Tupperware India have decided to embark on a health mission which stresses upon the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle.
With assignments to complete, deadlines to meet, classes to attend and pressure to perform well, students today have no time to spare for their health. The fast paced lives they lead leave no room to consider the harmful effects that junk food, lack of sleep and stress leads to,. Keeping this in mind, Times NIE and Tupperware India have decided to embark on a health mission which stresses upon the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle.
Healthy Heart: Avoid Trans Fat
On December 5, 2006, the Board of Health
approved an amendment to the Health Code to phase out artificial trans
fat in all NYC restaurants and other food service establishments. It is
in full effect.
The phase out of artificial trans fat in restaurant foods took effect in two stages. First, as of July 1, 2007, NYC food service establishments have been prohibited from using oils, shortening and margarine containing artificial trans fat for frying or as a spread that have 0.5 grams or more of trans fat per serving. As of July 1, 2008, all foods must have less than 0.5 grams of trans fat per serving if they have any artificial trans fat. Packaged foods served in the manufacturer's original, sealed packaging are exempt.
The phase out of artificial trans fat in restaurant foods took effect in two stages. First, as of July 1, 2007, NYC food service establishments have been prohibited from using oils, shortening and margarine containing artificial trans fat for frying or as a spread that have 0.5 grams or more of trans fat per serving. As of July 1, 2008, all foods must have less than 0.5 grams of trans fat per serving if they have any artificial trans fat. Packaged foods served in the manufacturer's original, sealed packaging are exempt.
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Services and Information
In the years since the conditions at the Willowbrook State School on Staten Island were made public, great strides have been made in NYC to improve services and conditions for persons with developmental disabilities and to establish comprehensive, community-based service systems. The mission of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH), Division of Mental Hygiene (Division or DMH) with regard to mental retardation and developmental disability services, is to provide person-centered planning and the development of individualized, comprehensive, community-integrated services.
Division of Mental Hygiene
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Division of Mental
Hygiene (Division or DMH), under the City Charter and in accordance with State
Mental Hygiene Law, is responsible for administering, planning, contracting,
monitoring, and evaluating early intervention services for children under three
years old who have a developmental delay or disability, and community mental
health, mental retardation, and chemical dependency services within the City of
New York. In addition, DMH plans and collaborates with other City agencies to
provide a variety of uniquely targeted programs, including those for individuals
who are homeless or who have co-occurring disorders.
DMH is committed to ensuring that all mental health services in New York City meet the highest quality standards for the over 450,000 people in New York City who suffer from one or more mental health disorders. It is the Division’s mission to partner with consumers, families, advocates, and providers to ensure access to high quality services and to improve the lives of New Yorkers with mental health and chemical dependency disorders and those with mental retardation and developmental disabilities.
DMH is committed to ensuring that all mental health services in New York City meet the highest quality standards for the over 450,000 people in New York City who suffer from one or more mental health disorders. It is the Division’s mission to partner with consumers, families, advocates, and providers to ensure access to high quality services and to improve the lives of New Yorkers with mental health and chemical dependency disorders and those with mental retardation and developmental disabilities.
samedi 4 février 2012
How to Become a Mental Health Counselor
Mental health counselors are licensed professionals who offer a variety of services including diagnosis, therapy, educational programs and development of treatment plans. Diverse working environments are common for counselors and can be found in such places of employment as schools, rehabilitation centers, jails, employment facilities and family services. Use these tips to learn how to become a mental health counselor.
Education and Experience Requirements
Particular education requirements are necessary for a career in mental health therapy. A master’s degree is the most common educational requirement. In order to meet state licensing requirements to become a mental health counselor, a person must complete a master's degree in a program of study related to counseling. This includes a variety of degree programs such as mental health counseling, marriage and family counseling, rehabilitation counseling or community counseling.
In addition to the educational requirements, experience in mental health counseling jobs is required for licensing. Prior to taking the test to become a licensed mental health counselor, professionals must work in a clinical setting providing mental health therapy for two years. A two-year internship is required by most schools and may or may not be a paid position.
The work experience must be completed under the supervision of someone who is licensed or certified in a mental health profession. Following completion of the required work experience or internship, it is necessary to pass the licensing examination required by the state in which the professional resides.
Students who have families or already established careers and are going back to school to gain the education they need to switch gears may want to consider earning their mental health counseling degrees online. Online programs allow students to obtain the education they need without disrupting their lives. Depending on the student’s individual needs, any accredited university or college that offers mental health counseling studies is sufficient. This may include an online university or campus-based college program.
Licensing Requirements
Licensing requirements for mental health counseling are similar to those required for marriage and family therapists as well as clinical social workers. Licensure varies by state and work setting. Continuing education requirements may be necessary in some states in order to achieve the required license. Public schools in nearly every state require licensing and counseling certifications.
Job Outlook and Salary Expectations
According to the reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 2012, mental health counselor occupations are expected to increase at a greater rate than the average job. Projected employment growth is favorable and expected to increase approximately 20%. Substance abuse counselors and mental health counselors who deal with behavioral disorders are among the fastest growing occupations in the industry. Openings for employment are expected to rise over the next decade in jails and treatment program facilities.
Education and Experience Requirements
Particular education requirements are necessary for a career in mental health therapy. A master’s degree is the most common educational requirement. In order to meet state licensing requirements to become a mental health counselor, a person must complete a master's degree in a program of study related to counseling. This includes a variety of degree programs such as mental health counseling, marriage and family counseling, rehabilitation counseling or community counseling.
In addition to the educational requirements, experience in mental health counseling jobs is required for licensing. Prior to taking the test to become a licensed mental health counselor, professionals must work in a clinical setting providing mental health therapy for two years. A two-year internship is required by most schools and may or may not be a paid position.
The work experience must be completed under the supervision of someone who is licensed or certified in a mental health profession. Following completion of the required work experience or internship, it is necessary to pass the licensing examination required by the state in which the professional resides.
Students who have families or already established careers and are going back to school to gain the education they need to switch gears may want to consider earning their mental health counseling degrees online. Online programs allow students to obtain the education they need without disrupting their lives. Depending on the student’s individual needs, any accredited university or college that offers mental health counseling studies is sufficient. This may include an online university or campus-based college program.
Licensing Requirements
Licensing requirements for mental health counseling are similar to those required for marriage and family therapists as well as clinical social workers. Licensure varies by state and work setting. Continuing education requirements may be necessary in some states in order to achieve the required license. Public schools in nearly every state require licensing and counseling certifications.
Job Outlook and Salary Expectations
According to the reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics for 2012, mental health counselor occupations are expected to increase at a greater rate than the average job. Projected employment growth is favorable and expected to increase approximately 20%. Substance abuse counselors and mental health counselors who deal with behavioral disorders are among the fastest growing occupations in the industry. Openings for employment are expected to rise over the next decade in jails and treatment program facilities.
Mental Health Counselor
Counselors are professionals who assist individuals and groups with their personal problems in order to help them become more self-sufficient. Individuals that specialize in mental health counseling concentrate on promoting optimum mental health through various programs and services. They help individuals deal with suicidal impulses, self-esteem issues, addictions and substance abuse, stress management, job and career concerns, marital problems, educational decisions, and issues associated with aging. Beginning with the interview process, mental health counselors make observations that help them determine a treatment plan that will accomplish their client’s goals. They often use personality, aptitude, and psychological tests to determine more precisely the needs of a particular patient. They often work closely with other mental health professionals including psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to ensure that all of the patient’s needs are being met. Mental health counselors are also responsible for maintaining records of tests and counseling services, and making sure that all records are kept confidential. They frequently conduct research and report their findings in professional and trade journals. Anyone interested in a career as a mental health counselor should be emotionally stable, sensitive to people’s feelings, and have excellent oral and written communication skills.
Work Environment:
Mental health counselors are employed in a variety of settings including private practice, hospitals, correctional institutions, mental health clinics, schools and universities, drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers, halfway houses, and residential care facilities. They may work long, irregular hours including nights and weekends.
High School Preparation:
High School Preparation:
Students interested in a career in mental health counseling should take high school courses in biology, geometry, algebra, English, health occupations/medical professions education, sociology, literature, psychology, computer skills, social studies, and speech.
College Requirements:
Individuals interested in mental health counseling must first obtain a bachelor’s degree in counseling, psychology, education, sociology, or social work. Most employment opportunities for mental health counselors require a master’s degree or a doctoral degree. Voluntary certification is available through The National Board of Certified Counselors. An internship, a taped sample of clinical work, or other professional experience, as well as passing a written examination is required to receive this certification.
Students interested in counseling should contact schools for information on admission and course of study.
Facts About Clinical Mental Health Counselors
What is a clinical mental health counselor?
Clinical mental health counseling is a distinct profession with national standards for education, training and clinical practice. Clinical mental health counselors are highly-skilled professionals who provide flexible, consumer-oriented therapy. They combine traditional psychotherapy with a practical, problem-solving approach that creates a dynamic and efficient path for change and problem resolution.- According to the report, "Mental Health, United States, 2004" published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service's (HHS) Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), more than 100,500 mental health counselors are licensed or certified for independent practice in the United States.
- The majority of national behavioral health managed care companies reimburse clinical mental health counselors for services they provide.
- The median cost per session for clinical mental health counselors is $63, compared to a median cost of $75 for psychologists, and $60 for clinical social workers and marriage and family therapists, according to a January 2006 study by Psychotherapy Finances.
- All 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico license or certify mental health counselors for private practice.
- Clinical mental health counselors adhere to a rigorous code of ethics and professional practice standards. Purchase a printed copy of either document
- Assessment and diagnosis
- Psychotherapy
- Treatment planning and utilization review
- Brief and solution-focused therapy
- Alcoholism and substance abuse treatment
- Psychoeducational and prevention programs
- Crisis management
The American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) is the professional membership organization that represents the clinical mental health counseling profession. Clinical membership in AMHCA requires a master's degree in counseling or a closely related mental health field and adherence to AMHCA's National Standards for Clinical Practice.
Graduate education and clinical training prepare clinical mental health counselors to provide a full range of services for individuals, couples, families, adolescents and children. The core areas of mental health education programs approved by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) include:
- Diagnosis and psychopathology
- Psychotherapy
- Psychological testing and assessment
- Professional orientation
- Research and program evaluation
- Group counseling
- Human growth and development
- Counseling theory
- Social and cultural foundations
- Lifestyle and career development
- Supervised practicum and internship
A licensed clinical mental health counselor has met or exceeded the following professional qualifications:
- Earned a master's degree in counseling or a closely related mental health discipline;
- Completed a minimum of two years post-master's clinical work under the supervision of a licensed or certified mental health professional; and
- Passed a state-developed or national licensure or certification examination.
vendredi 3 février 2012
A Novel Mental Health Treatment Program Dramatically Reduces Suicides
If you've seen the photos of crumbling Detroit buildings that are
being circulated lately, you'd probably expect the whole city to be full
of miserable, despairing people, a place where a suicide rate of zero
is unthinkable. Think again! Detroit is struggling but not nearly as
badly as those photos suggest, and this Crain's article
on the Henry Ford Health System that serves southeast Michigan suggests
that "perfect" depression care is entirely possible even in an area
that's going through tough times:
"The bigger issue was this culture change that we eventually implemented which simply did not accept the notion that people would kill themselves, the idea that zero would be our goal," says Ed Coffey, a physician who is vice president at the Henry Ford system and CEO of its behavioral health services division. The division has a staff of about 500 and provides mental health and substance-abuse services through its integrated delivery system of two hospitals and 10 clinics that serves Southeast Michigan and adjacent states. "That to me was the biggest thing and the key lever that allowed us to accomplish the success we had," he said.
...The Perfect Depression Care initiative includes six major tactics: commit to "perfection" (zero suicides) as a goal; develop a clear vision of how each patient's care will change; listen to patients regarding their care redesign; conceptualize, design and test strategies for improving patient partnership, clinical practice, access to care and information systems; implement relevant measures of care quality, assess progress and adjust as needed; and communicate the results.
Within the first four years of the program, the annual rate of patient suicides in the behavioral health services department dropped 75 percent to about 22 per 100,000 -- the average rate between 2002 and 2005 -- from 89 suicides per 100,000 at the baseline in 2000, according to an April 2007 article in the Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. In the past two years, or the last 10 consecutive quarters, the department has not seen one patient suicide.
Playing Around With Depression
A new study out of East Carolina University found that playing
casual, non-violent video games - in particular "Bejeweled","Peggle" and
"Bookworm" - reduced depression symptoms in study participants.
The study, which was underwritten by PopCap games, found that, of the 59 people who participated in the study, the half that spent an average of 40.7 minutes playing the games had a 57% reduction in their depression symptoms.
The seven subjects who were identified as having moderate to severe depression symptoms prior to study had their symptoms reduced to minimal or mild following the study, while the numbers of those who had milder forms of depression prior to the study dropped from nine to four.
The study found that there was a 65% overall improvement in general mood and anxiety, in addition to a reduction in physical symptoms, such as tension (49.6%), anger (55%), confusion (50%) and fatigue (58%).
In a statement, lead author Dr. Carmen Russoniello said, "The results of this study clearly demonstrate the intrinsic value of certain casual games in terms of significant, positive effects on the moods and anxiety levels of people suffering from any level of depression."
"In my opinion," Russoniello concluded,"the findings support the possibility of using prescribed casual video games for treating depression and anxiety as an adjunct to, or perhaps even as a replacement for, standard therapies including medication."
The study, which was underwritten by PopCap games, found that, of the 59 people who participated in the study, the half that spent an average of 40.7 minutes playing the games had a 57% reduction in their depression symptoms.
The seven subjects who were identified as having moderate to severe depression symptoms prior to study had their symptoms reduced to minimal or mild following the study, while the numbers of those who had milder forms of depression prior to the study dropped from nine to four.
The study found that there was a 65% overall improvement in general mood and anxiety, in addition to a reduction in physical symptoms, such as tension (49.6%), anger (55%), confusion (50%) and fatigue (58%).
In a statement, lead author Dr. Carmen Russoniello said, "The results of this study clearly demonstrate the intrinsic value of certain casual games in terms of significant, positive effects on the moods and anxiety levels of people suffering from any level of depression."
"In my opinion," Russoniello concluded,"the findings support the possibility of using prescribed casual video games for treating depression and anxiety as an adjunct to, or perhaps even as a replacement for, standard therapies including medication."
How Does Exercise Improve Mental Health?
We know that exercise has positive effects on the brain. Researchers
at Duke University demonstrated several years ago that exercise has
antidepressant properties. Other research has shown that exercise can
improve the brain functioning of the elderly and may even protect
against dementia. How does exercise improve mental health?
One theory for some of the benefits of exercise include the fact that exercise triggers the production of endorphins. These natural opiates are chemically similar to morphine. They may be produced as natural pain relievers in response to the shock that the body receives during exercise. However, researchers are beginning to question whether endorphins improve mood. Studies are showing that the body's metabolism of endorphins is complex, and there are likely additional mechanisms involved in the mental health effects of exercise.
Some studies have found that exercise boosts activity in the brain's frontal lobes and the hippocampus. We don't really know how or why this occurs. Animal studies have found that exercise increases levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters have been associated with elevated mood, and it is thought that antidepressant medications also work by boosting these chemicals.
Exercise has also been found to increase levels of "brain-derived neurotrophic factor" (BDNF). This substance is thought to improve mood, and it may play a role in the beneficial effects of exercise. BDNF's primary role seems to be to help brain cells survive longer, so this may also explain some of the beneficial effects of exercise on dementia.
The bottom line is that most of us feel good after exercise. Physical exercise is good for our mental health and for our brains. Someday we will understand it all better -- but we can start exercising today.
One theory for some of the benefits of exercise include the fact that exercise triggers the production of endorphins. These natural opiates are chemically similar to morphine. They may be produced as natural pain relievers in response to the shock that the body receives during exercise. However, researchers are beginning to question whether endorphins improve mood. Studies are showing that the body's metabolism of endorphins is complex, and there are likely additional mechanisms involved in the mental health effects of exercise.
Some studies have found that exercise boosts activity in the brain's frontal lobes and the hippocampus. We don't really know how or why this occurs. Animal studies have found that exercise increases levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters have been associated with elevated mood, and it is thought that antidepressant medications also work by boosting these chemicals.
Exercise has also been found to increase levels of "brain-derived neurotrophic factor" (BDNF). This substance is thought to improve mood, and it may play a role in the beneficial effects of exercise. BDNF's primary role seems to be to help brain cells survive longer, so this may also explain some of the beneficial effects of exercise on dementia.
The bottom line is that most of us feel good after exercise. Physical exercise is good for our mental health and for our brains. Someday we will understand it all better -- but we can start exercising today.
How Stress Affects Your Health and Happiness
You’ve probably heard that stress can impact your health. But do you
know to what extent? Because stress can weaken your immune system, it
can make you more susceptible not only to major diseases such as heart
disease, but can increase your risk of catching the common cold and flu.
And illness can detract from your overall happiness in a significant
way. The following resources can help you to better understand how
stress affects your health, and find ways to stay healthier.
Your Horse's Mental Health and Happiness
Much has been written about natural horse keeping, but there really
is no such thing anymore. Horses under truly natural conditions run wild
and free, without fences to stop their migrations. They live in herds
and spend their lives foraging for food, fleeing from danger, and
raising young. Unfortunately, the price for this lifestyle is a
shortened lifespan, as the wild horse succumbs to disease, injury, and
predators much sooner than her captive counterparts.
Your horse will be happier and mentally healthier if you can keep him under as natural conditions as possible. This means keeping him on pasture with ample grazing when weather permits. Unfortunately, many people keep their horses confined to stalls most of the day, either for convenience or because of limited land resources. This circumstance is quite unnatural for horses, and the ensuing boredom and pent-up energy can lead to all sorts of behavioral problems. To simulate more natural conditions, give your horse as much turnout time as possible so he can graze and stretch his legs.
Provide Companionship Horses are herd animals and are happiest when living with other equine companions. If you can afford to own only one horse, keeping him at a boarding facility offers the advantage of other horses for him to socialize with. If boarding isn't an option for you, then consider owning more than one horse, if at all possible. If you can't afford to buy two horses, perhaps you can adopt a homeless horse from a rescue shelter. If you have enough land, consider keeping someone else's horse on your property so that both animals have a companion and you have a riding buddy.
Your horse will be happier and mentally healthier if you can keep him under as natural conditions as possible. This means keeping him on pasture with ample grazing when weather permits. Unfortunately, many people keep their horses confined to stalls most of the day, either for convenience or because of limited land resources. This circumstance is quite unnatural for horses, and the ensuing boredom and pent-up energy can lead to all sorts of behavioral problems. To simulate more natural conditions, give your horse as much turnout time as possible so he can graze and stretch his legs.
Provide Companionship Horses are herd animals and are happiest when living with other equine companions. If you can afford to own only one horse, keeping him at a boarding facility offers the advantage of other horses for him to socialize with. If boarding isn't an option for you, then consider owning more than one horse, if at all possible. If you can't afford to buy two horses, perhaps you can adopt a homeless horse from a rescue shelter. If you have enough land, consider keeping someone else's horse on your property so that both animals have a companion and you have a riding buddy.
Author of Hormones Health and Happiness
Information about the controversial Dr. Steven Hotze,
author of the book Hormones Health and Happiness, and founder of the
Hotze Health and Wellness Center.
In this article, Drs. Richard and Karilee Shames weigh in with
their thoughts on the AACE, CBS, Dr. Steven Hotze controversy, and the
overall implications for the thyroid community.
All out war is being waged between Dr. Steven Hotze, author of
"Hormones, Health and Happiness," and the American Association of
Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE). The controversy centers on an
appearance Dr. Hotze made on the CBS Early Show on September 19, 2005,
to discuss his book. Hotze made a head-on assault against conventional
endocrinology -- along with its main source of funding, Synthroid, and
the AACE has fired back. Explore the controversy with patient advocate
Mary Shomon.
Physical, Emotional and Lifestyle Effects of Stress
Stress can affect you in many ways. People often notice
the emotional effects of stress, but aren't always aware of all of the
ways stress can have a physical impact. Learn more about the effects of
stress, and how to safeguard your health and happiness.
When you experience stress, there's a cascade of physical changes
that occur to prepare you to deal with it. Here's what happens in your
body--and what can happen when your stress response is triggered too
often.
Mental Illness - Mental Disorders
Information about different mental disorders. Diagnosis
is not always exact, and some of these disorders overlap. Most of the
content is in the "More Categories" folders in the right-hand column.
Living with a mental health condition means not only taking efforts
to manage it, but coping with the ways in which it can affect your life
and those in it. If you're faced with a mental health concern, or if
you are the loved one of someone who is, there are things you can do to
help make way for a better life.
Mental health and development
The new WHO report on mental health and development is a call to
action to all development stakeholders - governments, civil society,
multilateral agencies, bilateral agencies, global partnerships, private
foundations, academic and research institutions - to focus their
attention on mental health.
The report presents compelling evidence that persons with mental and psychosocial disabilities are a vulnerable group but continue to be marginalized in terms of development aid and government attention. It makes the case for reaching out to this group through the design and implementation of appropriate policies and programmes and through the inclusion of mental health interventions into broader poverty reduction and development strategies. The report also describes a number of key interventions which can provide a starting point for these efforts. By investing in persons with mental and psychosocial disabilities, development outcomes can be improved.
The report presents compelling evidence that persons with mental and psychosocial disabilities are a vulnerable group but continue to be marginalized in terms of development aid and government attention. It makes the case for reaching out to this group through the design and implementation of appropriate policies and programmes and through the inclusion of mental health interventions into broader poverty reduction and development strategies. The report also describes a number of key interventions which can provide a starting point for these efforts. By investing in persons with mental and psychosocial disabilities, development outcomes can be improved.
How Does Exercise Improve Mental Health?
We know that exercise has positive effects on the brain. Researchers
at Duke University demonstrated several years ago that exercise has
antidepressant properties. Other research has shown that exercise can
improve the brain functioning of the elderly and may even protect
against dementia. How does exercise improve mental health?
One theory for some of the benefits of exercise include the fact that exercise triggers the production of endorphins. These natural opiates are chemically similar to morphine. They may be produced as natural pain relievers in response to the shock that the body receives during exercise. However, researchers are beginning to question whether endorphins improve mood. Studies are showing that the body's metabolism of endorphins is complex, and there are likely additional mechanisms involved in the mental health effects of exercise.
Some studies have found that exercise boosts activity in the brain's frontal lobes and the hippocampus. We don't really know how or why this occurs. Animal studies have found that exercise increases levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters have been associated with elevated mood, and it is thought that antidepressant medications also work by boosting these chemicals.
Exercise has also been found to increase levels of "brain-derived neurotrophic factor" (BDNF). This substance is thought to improve mood, and it may play a role in the beneficial effects of exercise. BDNF's primary role seems to be to help brain cells survive longer, so this may also explain some of the beneficial effects of exercise on dementia.
The bottom line is that most of us feel good after exercise. Physical exercise is good for our mental health and for our brains. Someday we will understand it all better -- but we can start exercising today.
One theory for some of the benefits of exercise include the fact that exercise triggers the production of endorphins. These natural opiates are chemically similar to morphine. They may be produced as natural pain relievers in response to the shock that the body receives during exercise. However, researchers are beginning to question whether endorphins improve mood. Studies are showing that the body's metabolism of endorphins is complex, and there are likely additional mechanisms involved in the mental health effects of exercise.
Some studies have found that exercise boosts activity in the brain's frontal lobes and the hippocampus. We don't really know how or why this occurs. Animal studies have found that exercise increases levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine. These neurotransmitters have been associated with elevated mood, and it is thought that antidepressant medications also work by boosting these chemicals.
Exercise has also been found to increase levels of "brain-derived neurotrophic factor" (BDNF). This substance is thought to improve mood, and it may play a role in the beneficial effects of exercise. BDNF's primary role seems to be to help brain cells survive longer, so this may also explain some of the beneficial effects of exercise on dementia.
The bottom line is that most of us feel good after exercise. Physical exercise is good for our mental health and for our brains. Someday we will understand it all better -- but we can start exercising today.
Mental Health and the Holidays
As Christmas and New Year's draw closer, many of us are bracing for
changes to our routines that could shake anyone's mental health. Travel
and jetlag, a break from the rigid schedule of work or school, meals at
unusual times, and the distractions of family can all contribute to
forgetting to take medication. Many therapists and other mental health
providers are out of reach while they enjoy their own celebrations (and
hard-earned rest). Holiday stress may worsen mental health conditions,
and while holiday joy is a wonderful thing, January can be a real
let-down.
A Novel Mental Health Treatment Program Dramatically Reduces Suicides
If you've seen the photos of crumbling Detroit buildings that are
being circulated lately, you'd probably expect the whole city to be full
of miserable, despairing people, a place where a suicide rate of zero
is unthinkable. Think again! Detroit is struggling but not nearly as
badly as those photos suggest, and this Crain's article
on the Henry Ford Health System that serves southeast Michigan suggests
that "perfect" depression care is entirely possible even in an area
that's going through tough times:
"The bigger issue was this culture change that we eventually implemented which simply did not accept the notion that people would kill themselves, the idea that zero would be our goal," says Ed Coffey, a physician who is vice president at the Henry Ford system and CEO of its behavioral health services division. The division has a staff of about 500 and provides mental health and substance-abuse services through its integrated delivery system of two hospitals and 10 clinics that serves Southeast Michigan and adjacent states. "That to me was the biggest thing and the key lever that allowed us to accomplish the success we had," he said.
...The Perfect Depression Care initiative includes six major tactics: commit to "perfection" (zero suicides) as a goal; develop a clear vision of how each patient's care will change; listen to patients regarding their care redesign; conceptualize, design and test strategies for improving patient partnership, clinical practice, access to care and information systems; implement relevant measures of care quality, assess progress and adjust as needed; and communicate the results.
Within the first four years of the program, the annual rate of patient suicides in the behavioral health services department dropped 75 percent to about 22 per 100,000 -- the average rate between 2002 and 2005 -- from 89 suicides per 100,000 at the baseline in 2000, according to an April 2007 article in the Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety. In the past two years, or the last 10 consecutive quarters, the department has not seen one patient suicide.
Launch of Mental Health Atlas 2011
The WHO Mental Health Atlas 2011 represents the latest estimate of
global mental health resources available to prevent and treat mental
disorders and help protect the human rights of people living with these
conditions. It presents data from 184 WHO Member States, covering 98% of
the world’s population. Facts and figures presented in Atlas indicate
that resources for mental health remain inadequate. The distribution of
resources across regions and income groups is substantially uneven and
in many countries resources are extremely scarce. Results from Atlas
reinforce the urgent need to scale up resources and care for mental
health within countries.The WHO Mental Health Atlas 2011 represents the latest estimate of
global mental health resources available to prevent and treat mental
disorders and help protect the human rights of people living with these
conditions. It presents data from 184 WHO Member States, covering 98% of
the world’s population. Facts and figures presented in Atlas indicate
that resources for mental health remain inadequate. The distribution of
resources across regions and income groups is substantially uneven and
in many countries resources are extremely scarce. Results from Atlas
reinforce the urgent need to scale up resources and care for mental
health within countries.
Perinatal Mental Health
The Perinatal Mental Health Consultation Service (PMHCS) is a
tertiary service provided by Mental Health ACT. It is a consultation and
liaison service specialising in the assessment, diagnosis and treatment
of women experiencing significant mental health issues in the
preconception, antenatal and postnatal periods. The service provides a
one and a half day a week clinic staffed by a Psychiatrist, Registrar,
Psychologists and a Registered Nurse. Please be aware that this
tertiary service does not provide clinical management or “supportive
counselling”
PMHCS does not offer clinical management or provide crisis assessments. If you have a client who requires these services, please contact the Mental Health Crisis Assessment Treatment Team on 1800 629 354.
PMHCS does not offer clinical management or provide crisis assessments. If you have a client who requires these services, please contact the Mental Health Crisis Assessment Treatment Team on 1800 629 354.
Information on the Mental Health Act
Mental Health Act 1983
The Mental Health Act 1983 primarily deals with the detention in hospital of people with mental disorders, as well as other compulsory measures including guardianship and supervised community treatment. It sets out the criteria that must be met before compulsory measures can be taken, along with protections and safeguards for patients.Mental Health Act 2007
The Mental Health Act 2007 received Royal Assent on 19 July 2007. It made a number of amendments to the Mental Health Act 1983. It also extended the rights of victims by amending the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 and amended the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005 to introduce new deprivation of liberty safeguards.Mental health problems
Specialist mental health services for older people have grown rapidly
and successfully over the past two decades, aiming to offer services
that are comprehensive, accessible, responsive, individualised,
multidisciplinary, accountable, and systematic. As with all mental
health problems, the burden falls on primary care (where minor morbidity
often goes undetected) and specialist services tend to be reserved for
those conditions and patients where diagnosis and management is
problematic. The total cost of caring for people with dementia in the
United Kingdom is estimated at £6bn ($9bn) a year1—a
figure whose impact is diluted by the fact that it combines both health
and social services. We outline the current evidence of benefit in four
areas: services currently available; interventions that have been shown
to be effective; rating scales that should be recommended to clinicians
for detecting common mental health problems; and the needs of carers.
Trends in the use of the Mental Health Act
Sharon Wall, research worker,a Matthew Hotopf, senior lecturer in psychological medicine,a Simon Wessely, professor of liaison and epidemiological psychiatry,a and Rachel Churchill, lecturer in psychiatric epidemiologyb
aDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s College, and St Thomas’s School of Medicine and the Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AZ, bSection of Epidemiology and General Practice, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF
Contributed by
Contributors: MH, RC, and S Wessely developed the original protocol and obtained funding. S Wall obtained and analysed the data, and wrote the article. MH, RC, and S Wesselysupervised this work and made comments on earlier drafts. MH is guarantor for the paper.
Correspondence to: Dr Hotopf m.hotopf@iop.bpmf.ac.uk
Accepted January 19, 1999.
aDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Guy’s, King’s College, and St Thomas’s School of Medicine and the Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AZ, bSection of Epidemiology and General Practice, Institute of Psychiatry, London SE5 8AF
Contributed by
Contributors: MH, RC, and S Wessely developed the original protocol and obtained funding. S Wall obtained and analysed the data, and wrote the article. MH, RC, and S Wesselysupervised this work and made comments on earlier drafts. MH is guarantor for the paper.
Correspondence to: Dr Hotopf m.hotopf@iop.bpmf.ac.uk
Accepted January 19, 1999.
CAPACITY AND ‘BEST INTERESTS
An Expert Committee set up by the Government in 1998 to advise on reform of the MHA endorsed two fundamental principles: non-discrimination against those with a mental illness, so they are treated like those with other illnesses, and respect for patients' autonomy (Department of Health, 1999). This led to a reconsideration of the grounds of involuntary treatment in general and to the conclusion that this must be connected with a patient's lack of capacity to make treatment decisions. ‘Capacity’, put at its simplest, refers to the patient's ability to understand the nature and purpose of the recommended treatment, including the consequences of having or not having it, and to reason using this information (Law Commission, 1995; Grisso & Appelbaum, 1998).
By any standards, the Committee complied with the Government's demand for a ‘ root and branch’ reassessment of the MHA: it recommended radical and far-reaching revisions — far too radical, it now appears. Table 1 summarises the key recommendations and, for comparison, the Government's proposals in the Green Paper (Secretary of State for Health, 1999). As Table 1 shows, the Green Paper finds capacity unattractive; the overarching principle is to reduce the risk of harm — to the patient and especially to others. However, where this principle comes from and why it should be primary is unexplained.
By any standards, the Committee complied with the Government's demand for a ‘ root and branch’ reassessment of the MHA: it recommended radical and far-reaching revisions — far too radical, it now appears. Table 1 summarises the key recommendations and, for comparison, the Government's proposals in the Green Paper (Secretary of State for Health, 1999). As Table 1 shows, the Green Paper finds capacity unattractive; the overarching principle is to reduce the risk of harm — to the patient and especially to others. However, where this principle comes from and why it should be primary is unexplained.
Reform of the Mental Health Act
The Mental Health Act 1959 followed a groundbreaking Royal Commission and
marked a transition from legalistic forms to paternalism. Mental health
professionals were given wide latitude to act in the health interests of
people with mental disorders. The Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) curtailed some
of these powers and strengthened patients' rights against paternalistic
intrusion. The 1990s has seen yet another shift; ‘community care’
has frightened many into a preoccupation with ‘public safety’ and
seeking means of exerting more control over patients, especially to ensure
their compliance with treatment in the community (Department of Health,
1998,
1999). Such swings of policy
remind us that the prescription of involuntary treatment is primarily a social
matter and only weakly related to the epidemiology or clinical features of
mental disorder.
Narcissism puts men's health at risk
Do you really love yourself? If you're a man, you could be risking your health, according to a new study.
The study found narcissism - particularly in men - is tied to unhealthy stress on the body.
Narcissism is characterized as having an inflated self-esteem, little empathy, and a sense of entitlement.
The study, published Jan. 23 in the journal PLoS ONE, analyzed 106 volunteer students from American university - 79 females, 27 males, with were on average 20 years old. The volunteers were given a 40-item questionnaire called the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which assesses five different components of narcissism: two unhealthy (exploitativeness and entitlement) and three healthy (leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, and self-absorption/self-admiration). Researchers also measured participants' baseline levels of cortisol, a hormone that's responsible for the body's response to stress. High cortisol levels are generally correlated with high psychological stress.
Combining the data, the researchers found that males who had higher measures of the unhealthy components of narcissism also had higher levels of cortisol. The unhealthy components of narcissism were more than twice as likely to predict high cortisol in males than in females. No link was found between healthy narcissism and cortisol in either gender.
Why might narcissistic men be more stressed? "Even though narcissists have grandiose self-perceptions, they also have fragile views of themselves, and often resort to defensive strategies like aggression when their sense of superiority is threatened," study author David Reinhard, a graduate student in the department of psychology at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, said in a written statement. According to Reinhard, these aggressive coping strategies are tied to high blood pressure would lead to "chronically elevated levels of stress."
"People with narcissism may be type-A, very driven, perfectionistic and seek high-stress situations, and the cortisol levels may be measuring that," Dr. Mark Russ, director of psychiatric services at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, N.Y. who was not involved in the study, told USA Today. "There may be an overlap."
Why did narcissism affect men and not women? The study authors speculate that societal definitions of masculinity (with traits like arrogance or dominance) might play a role. "Threats to male gender roles and masculinity are constant, and provide a source of stress that make these roles difficult to maintain," the authors wrote.
Despite their differing stress levels, men and women are equally narcissistic, the study found. It also notes that narcissism is on the rise in the U.S., which may have potential "longterm public health consequences.
The study found narcissism - particularly in men - is tied to unhealthy stress on the body.
Narcissism is characterized as having an inflated self-esteem, little empathy, and a sense of entitlement.
The study, published Jan. 23 in the journal PLoS ONE, analyzed 106 volunteer students from American university - 79 females, 27 males, with were on average 20 years old. The volunteers were given a 40-item questionnaire called the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which assesses five different components of narcissism: two unhealthy (exploitativeness and entitlement) and three healthy (leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, and self-absorption/self-admiration). Researchers also measured participants' baseline levels of cortisol, a hormone that's responsible for the body's response to stress. High cortisol levels are generally correlated with high psychological stress.
Combining the data, the researchers found that males who had higher measures of the unhealthy components of narcissism also had higher levels of cortisol. The unhealthy components of narcissism were more than twice as likely to predict high cortisol in males than in females. No link was found between healthy narcissism and cortisol in either gender.
Why might narcissistic men be more stressed? "Even though narcissists have grandiose self-perceptions, they also have fragile views of themselves, and often resort to defensive strategies like aggression when their sense of superiority is threatened," study author David Reinhard, a graduate student in the department of psychology at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, said in a written statement. According to Reinhard, these aggressive coping strategies are tied to high blood pressure would lead to "chronically elevated levels of stress."
"People with narcissism may be type-A, very driven, perfectionistic and seek high-stress situations, and the cortisol levels may be measuring that," Dr. Mark Russ, director of psychiatric services at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, N.Y. who was not involved in the study, told USA Today. "There may be an overlap."
Why did narcissism affect men and not women? The study authors speculate that societal definitions of masculinity (with traits like arrogance or dominance) might play a role. "Threats to male gender roles and masculinity are constant, and provide a source of stress that make these roles difficult to maintain," the authors wrote.
Despite their differing stress levels, men and women are equally narcissistic, the study found. It also notes that narcissism is on the rise in the U.S., which may have potential "longterm public health consequences.
Narcissism puts men's health at risk
Do you really love yourself? If you're a man, you could be risking your health, according to a new study.
The study found narcissism - particularly in men - is tied to unhealthy stress on the body.
Narcissism is characterized as having an inflated self-esteem, little empathy, and a sense of entitlement.
The study, published Jan. 23 in the journal PLoS ONE, analyzed 106 volunteer students from American university - 79 females, 27 males, with were on average 20 years old. The volunteers were given a 40-item questionnaire called the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which assesses five different components of narcissism: two unhealthy (exploitativeness and entitlement) and three healthy (leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, and self-absorption/self-admiration). Researchers also measured participants' baseline levels of cortisol, a hormone that's responsible for the body's response to stress. High cortisol levels are generally correlated with high psychological stress.
Combining the data, the researchers found that males who had higher measures of the unhealthy components of narcissism also had higher levels of cortisol. The unhealthy components of narcissism were more than twice as likely to predict high cortisol in males than in females. No link was found between healthy narcissism and cortisol in either gender.
Why might narcissistic men be more stressed? "Even though narcissists have grandiose self-perceptions, they also have fragile views of themselves, and often resort to defensive strategies like aggression when their sense of superiority is threatened," study author David Reinhard, a graduate student in the department of psychology at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, said in a written statement. According to Reinhard, these aggressive coping strategies are tied to high blood pressure would lead to "chronically elevated levels of stress."
"People with narcissism may be type-A, very driven, perfectionistic and seek high-stress situations, and the cortisol levels may be measuring that," Dr. Mark Russ, director of psychiatric services at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, N.Y. who was not involved in the study, told USA Today. "There may be an overlap."
Why did narcissism affect men and not women? The study authors speculate that societal definitions of masculinity (with traits like arrogance or dominance) might play a role. "Threats to male gender roles and masculinity are constant, and provide a source of stress that make these roles difficult to maintain," the authors wrote.
Despite their differing stress levels, men and women are equally narcissistic, the study found. It also notes that narcissism is on the rise in the U.S., which may have potential "longterm public health consequences."
The study found narcissism - particularly in men - is tied to unhealthy stress on the body.
Narcissism is characterized as having an inflated self-esteem, little empathy, and a sense of entitlement.
The study, published Jan. 23 in the journal PLoS ONE, analyzed 106 volunteer students from American university - 79 females, 27 males, with were on average 20 years old. The volunteers were given a 40-item questionnaire called the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, which assesses five different components of narcissism: two unhealthy (exploitativeness and entitlement) and three healthy (leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, and self-absorption/self-admiration). Researchers also measured participants' baseline levels of cortisol, a hormone that's responsible for the body's response to stress. High cortisol levels are generally correlated with high psychological stress.
Combining the data, the researchers found that males who had higher measures of the unhealthy components of narcissism also had higher levels of cortisol. The unhealthy components of narcissism were more than twice as likely to predict high cortisol in males than in females. No link was found between healthy narcissism and cortisol in either gender.
Why might narcissistic men be more stressed? "Even though narcissists have grandiose self-perceptions, they also have fragile views of themselves, and often resort to defensive strategies like aggression when their sense of superiority is threatened," study author David Reinhard, a graduate student in the department of psychology at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, said in a written statement. According to Reinhard, these aggressive coping strategies are tied to high blood pressure would lead to "chronically elevated levels of stress."
"People with narcissism may be type-A, very driven, perfectionistic and seek high-stress situations, and the cortisol levels may be measuring that," Dr. Mark Russ, director of psychiatric services at Zucker Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, N.Y. who was not involved in the study, told USA Today. "There may be an overlap."
Why did narcissism affect men and not women? The study authors speculate that societal definitions of masculinity (with traits like arrogance or dominance) might play a role. "Threats to male gender roles and masculinity are constant, and provide a source of stress that make these roles difficult to maintain," the authors wrote.
Despite their differing stress levels, men and women are equally narcissistic, the study found. It also notes that narcissism is on the rise in the U.S., which may have potential "longterm public health consequences."
Mental illness affects 38 percent of Europeans, study shows
mental illness more common in Europe than in other parts of the
world? Reliable statistics aren't readily available, but mental health
experts expressed surprise over new research showing that 38 percent of
the European population, or 165 million people, have a mental or
neurological disorder.
"Although the figure seems shockingly high, this is the most rigorous study done in Europe," said Graham Thornicroft, a professor of community psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, who was not linked to the study. "The real tragedy is that so few people with mental health problems receive treatment."
Experts estimate that only one-third of people affected by the disorders get help.
Researchers arrived at the eye-popping figure after reviewing data from previous studies involving more than 500 million people in 27 European countries, plus Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway. They considered more than 90 mental and neurological problems, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other problems that are more common in children as well as those typically found in the elderly, such as dementia.
The rates of mental and neurological disorders didn't appear to be rising, compared to a similar study in 2005. The most common problems include anxiety disorders, insomnia, depression, alcohol and drug dependence and dementia.
Using such a broad definition of mental health and neurological disorders might artificially inflate the problem, some experts who were not connected to the study said. "Not all of these people require psychiatric interventions," said Matt Muijen, a mental health expert with World Health Organization's European office in Copenhagen. "The 38 percent is indicative of stress in society, not necessarily psychiatric disorders."
Because researchers in other areas use varying definitions of what constitutes mental illness, it's hard to compare European rates to those elsewhere, he said. The NIH estimates that about 26 percent of American adults have some type of mental disorder.
Other experts said the numbers of people with mental health problems appeared higher than what is commonly believed because most patients don't report their illness and because this study includes disorders in children and the elderly.
Study author Hans-Ulrich Wittchen said many patients still face discrimination and limited services when seeking treatment, adding, "Mental health disorders are Europe's largest health care challenge in the 21st century."
"Although the figure seems shockingly high, this is the most rigorous study done in Europe," said Graham Thornicroft, a professor of community psychiatry at the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, who was not linked to the study. "The real tragedy is that so few people with mental health problems receive treatment."
Experts estimate that only one-third of people affected by the disorders get help.
Researchers arrived at the eye-popping figure after reviewing data from previous studies involving more than 500 million people in 27 European countries, plus Switzerland, Iceland, and Norway. They considered more than 90 mental and neurological problems, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other problems that are more common in children as well as those typically found in the elderly, such as dementia.
The rates of mental and neurological disorders didn't appear to be rising, compared to a similar study in 2005. The most common problems include anxiety disorders, insomnia, depression, alcohol and drug dependence and dementia.
Using such a broad definition of mental health and neurological disorders might artificially inflate the problem, some experts who were not connected to the study said. "Not all of these people require psychiatric interventions," said Matt Muijen, a mental health expert with World Health Organization's European office in Copenhagen. "The 38 percent is indicative of stress in society, not necessarily psychiatric disorders."
Because researchers in other areas use varying definitions of what constitutes mental illness, it's hard to compare European rates to those elsewhere, he said. The NIH estimates that about 26 percent of American adults have some type of mental disorder.
Other experts said the numbers of people with mental health problems appeared higher than what is commonly believed because most patients don't report their illness and because this study includes disorders in children and the elderly.
Study author Hans-Ulrich Wittchen said many patients still face discrimination and limited services when seeking treatment, adding, "Mental health disorders are Europe's largest health care challenge in the 21st century."
Environment and health
The environment is a major determinant of health, estimated to
account for almost 20% of all deaths in the WHO European Region. In
1989, concerned about the growing evidence of the impact of hazardous
environments on human health, WHO/Europe initiated the first ever
environment and health process, towards a broad primary prevention
public health approach, and to facilitate intersectoral policy-making.
Collaboration between different sectors is crucial to protect human health from the risks of a hazardous or contaminated environment. Through its European Centre on Environment and Health, WHO/Europe brings many players together with Member States to tackle central environment and health issues.
Collaboration between different sectors is crucial to protect human health from the risks of a hazardous or contaminated environment. Through its European Centre on Environment and Health, WHO/Europe brings many players together with Member States to tackle central environment and health issues.
Maternal and newborn health
While in most cases having a baby is a positive experience, pregnancy
and childbirth can cause suffering, ill health or even death. Every
year, women and newborn babies die from complications related to
childbirth.
The interventions and approaches that help save the lives of mothers and babies are well documented. They can work even where resources are poor. Using this evidence, WHO/Europe provides guidance, training and technical support to governments and their partner agencies to ensure that the health system provides women and their newborn babies with the skilled care they need. The main goal is to help countries achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5: to reduce newborn mortality and maternal mortality significantly by 2015.
The interventions and approaches that help save the lives of mothers and babies are well documented. They can work even where resources are poor. Using this evidence, WHO/Europe provides guidance, training and technical support to governments and their partner agencies to ensure that the health system provides women and their newborn babies with the skilled care they need. The main goal is to help countries achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5: to reduce newborn mortality and maternal mortality significantly by 2015.
Sexual and reproductive health
Sexual and reproductive health is very personal, so people may have
trouble finding or asking for accurate information about it. This may
also help explain why these issues are still not addressed openly, and
services are inadequate, fragmented and unfriendly in some countries in
the European Region. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth, unsafe
abortions, reproductive tract infections, sexual violence and women
dying from avoidable cancer are just a few of the problems in this area.
WHO/Europe assists countries to evaluate their situations and to choose
the optimal way to improve them.
Definition
People are sexual beings all their lives. The purposes of sexual health care should be the enhancement of life and personal relationships, and not merely counselling and care related to procreation or sexually transmitted infections. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to have children and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Men and women should have access to the safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation of their choice, and to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth, and provide couples with the best chance of having healthy infants.
Problems
Women are over four times as likely to die in childbirth in the newly independent states of the former USSR as in the European Union. In some countries unsafe abortion causes over 20% of all registered maternal deaths, and eastern Europe has the highest abortion rate in the world. Many people still lack information on, for example, sexuality, family planning, pregnancy and childbirth, sexually transmitted infections, infertility, cervical cancer prevention, menopause.
In response, national and regional health policies and programmes increasingly give explicit attention to sexual and reproductive health.
Definition
People are sexual beings all their lives. The purposes of sexual health care should be the enhancement of life and personal relationships, and not merely counselling and care related to procreation or sexually transmitted infections. Reproductive health implies that people are able to have a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to have children and the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so.
Men and women should have access to the safe, effective, affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation of their choice, and to appropriate health care services that will enable women to go safely through pregnancy and childbirth, and provide couples with the best chance of having healthy infants.
Problems
Women are over four times as likely to die in childbirth in the newly independent states of the former USSR as in the European Union. In some countries unsafe abortion causes over 20% of all registered maternal deaths, and eastern Europe has the highest abortion rate in the world. Many people still lack information on, for example, sexuality, family planning, pregnancy and childbirth, sexually transmitted infections, infertility, cervical cancer prevention, menopause.
In response, national and regional health policies and programmes increasingly give explicit attention to sexual and reproductive health.
Physical activity
Regular exercise such as walking, cycling, or dancing not only makes
you feel good, it has significant benefits for health. It reduces the
risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some cancers, helps control
weight, and contributes to mental well-being. Taking part in physical
activity also increases opportunities for making friends and feeling
part of the community.
Active living benefits health at any age, but it is especially important to the healthy development of children and young people, and can make a substantial difference to the well-being of older people. On the contrary, physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for health and is estimated to attribute to one million deaths per year in the WHO European Region.
WHO/Europe works towards physical activity promotion in health policy and in other relevant sectors in Europe through the European network for the promotion of health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA Europe) which it hosts.
Increasing physical activity across sectors
There are many ways to increase physical activity, whether it be at school or at work or in the transport choices you have, or the place you live in. WHO calls on all sectors, including health, transport, housing and education to engage with this issue and collaborate in effective policies and interventions.
Active living benefits health at any age, but it is especially important to the healthy development of children and young people, and can make a substantial difference to the well-being of older people. On the contrary, physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors for health and is estimated to attribute to one million deaths per year in the WHO European Region.
WHO/Europe works towards physical activity promotion in health policy and in other relevant sectors in Europe through the European network for the promotion of health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA Europe) which it hosts.
Increasing physical activity across sectors
There are many ways to increase physical activity, whether it be at school or at work or in the transport choices you have, or the place you live in. WHO calls on all sectors, including health, transport, housing and education to engage with this issue and collaborate in effective policies and interventions.
Child and adolescent health
Most children and adolescents in the WHO European Region enjoy a high
standard of health and well-being. The Region includes the countries
with the lowest infant and child mortality rates in the world. However
it also includes some whose rates are 10 times higher. Every year, 200
000 children in the European Region die before the age of five, 40% of
them in the first month of life.
WHO/Europe supports countries as they try to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) particularly MDGs 3–5, whose aim is to reduce child mortality and improve maternal health by 2015.
Much of the morbidity and mortality among children and young people is preventable. Low-cost measures that have been shown to work – whether they target road traffic accidents or poverty – could prevent two thirds of deaths. Children are particularly vulnerable to environmental pollution, and poor environments aggravate socioeconomic disparities in cities. Children and adolescents need clean air, safe housing, nutritious food, clean water and a healthy way of life; they need friendly services that they can reach and can reach them.
There are warning signs of the return of diseases previously under control, such as diphtheria and tuberculosis; the increase of noncommunicable diseases such as asthma and allergies; and new morbidity from substance abuse, injuries and mental disorders. Further, adverse effects on children’s health result from increasing socioeconomic inequalities across the Region, the consequences of armed conflict and child labour and sexual exploitation.
WHO/Europe’s approach is not to rely on piecemeal measures, but to strengthen health systems and focus on measurable results, designing and implementing policies based on evidence.
WHO/Europe supports countries as they try to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) particularly MDGs 3–5, whose aim is to reduce child mortality and improve maternal health by 2015.
Much of the morbidity and mortality among children and young people is preventable. Low-cost measures that have been shown to work – whether they target road traffic accidents or poverty – could prevent two thirds of deaths. Children are particularly vulnerable to environmental pollution, and poor environments aggravate socioeconomic disparities in cities. Children and adolescents need clean air, safe housing, nutritious food, clean water and a healthy way of life; they need friendly services that they can reach and can reach them.
There are warning signs of the return of diseases previously under control, such as diphtheria and tuberculosis; the increase of noncommunicable diseases such as asthma and allergies; and new morbidity from substance abuse, injuries and mental disorders. Further, adverse effects on children’s health result from increasing socioeconomic inequalities across the Region, the consequences of armed conflict and child labour and sexual exploitation.
WHO/Europe’s approach is not to rely on piecemeal measures, but to strengthen health systems and focus on measurable results, designing and implementing policies based on evidence.
WHO/Europe will pursue four priorities for mental healt
- high-quality information, as it is often lacking;
- service users’ and carers’ empowerment so that the services can respond to direct needs and experiences;
- development of services, particularly community-based practice in middle- and low-income countries, where services have traditionally been provided in large mental institutions; and
- improving the state of social care homes in Europe, focusing on the conditions for children with intellectual disabilities, who too often live in unacceptable circumstances, and the development of family support and community services.
Much is now known about what works in mental health promotion, prevention, care and treatment. The challenge is now to implement this knowledge.
Services and practice do not always reflect the knowledge of what works in mental health care and treatment. Many countries have limited community-based mental health services and little specialist help for young or elderly people.
Many people in large mental institutions are subject to neglect and abuse of human rights, reflected in high mortality rates. Stigma and prejudice are widespread and affect every aspect of mental health, including whether people seek and receive help.
Mental Health Compass
La base de données «Mental Health Compass» est un outil de partage des
informations sur la santé mentale dans l'UE et les actions menées dans
ce domaine.
Cette base de données contient des informations sur les cinq domaines prioritaires du pacte européen pour la santé mentale et le bien-être. Elle se développera au travers des conférences organisées dans le cadre du pacte.
Cette base de données contient des informations sur les cinq domaines prioritaires du pacte européen pour la santé mentale et le bien-être. Elle se développera au travers des conférences organisées dans le cadre du pacte.
Social Inclusion and Mental Health
Mental Health Europe has a history and plays an important role in raising awareness and in combating stigma, discrimination and social exclusion associated with mental illness. Mainstreaming mental health in the social policy field has become one of MHE's principal activities and a major area of concern for people with mental health problems.
EU policy developments in the field of Social Inclusion
In 2000, EU leaders established the Social Inclusion Process to make a decisive impact on eradicating poverty by 2010. Through this process, the European Union coordinates and encourages Member State actions to combat poverty and social exclusion, and to reform their social protection systems on the basis of policy exchanges and mutual learning.
To read more about EU developments, click here
MHE key activities in this field
MHE's Work Plan for the years 2011-2013 - supported by the PROGRESS Community Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity - has the overall goal to "develop and strengthen MHE's capacities and that of its member organisations, including people with mental health problems, who are at risk of poverty and social exclusion, to inform and influence employment and social policy and processes at the local, national, regional and European level with a view to better reflecting the needs of people with mental health problems."
To read more about MHE activities in the field of social inclusion
EU policy developments in the field of Social Inclusion
In 2000, EU leaders established the Social Inclusion Process to make a decisive impact on eradicating poverty by 2010. Through this process, the European Union coordinates and encourages Member State actions to combat poverty and social exclusion, and to reform their social protection systems on the basis of policy exchanges and mutual learning.
To read more about EU developments, click here
MHE key activities in this field
MHE's Work Plan for the years 2011-2013 - supported by the PROGRESS Community Programme for Employment and Social Solidarity - has the overall goal to "develop and strengthen MHE's capacities and that of its member organisations, including people with mental health problems, who are at risk of poverty and social exclusion, to inform and influence employment and social policy and processes at the local, national, regional and European level with a view to better reflecting the needs of people with mental health problems."
To read more about MHE activities in the field of social inclusion
Conceptual framework
Mental Health
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is no 'official' definition of mental health. Cultural differences and competing professional theories all affect how 'mental health' is defined. In general, however, most experts agree that mental health and mental illness are not the same thing. In other words, the absence of a recognised mental disorder
Mental Health Promotion
Mental
health promotion and disorder prevention activities in Europe are
developing a capacity for innovation through work in the community with the
message that there is no health without mental health. It appears that this
message is reaching more and more policy makers - witness the European
Commission launch of the European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being on 13 June 2008 and the
new policy initiatives on mental health promotion and prevention in an
increasing number of EU member states.
Mental Health Europe
There is no Health without Mental Health!
Mental health is an essential part of any citizen's health and well being. As such, it is an essential component of communities. Good mental health is a basic human right. Factors that adversely affect mental health represent a major and growing threat to economic, social and public health in the world.
Welcome to Mental Health Europe.
This site provides you with:
* Up-to-date information with key challenges in mental health.
* Information on Mental Health Europe's mission and activities.
* Access to a network of organisations concerned by the state of mental health in Europe.
MHE organized its capacity-building seminar for MHE and ENUSP members on May 20, 2011 in Brussels. Presentations and general information, including the agenda of the seminar
Mental health is an essential part of any citizen's health and well being. As such, it is an essential component of communities. Good mental health is a basic human right. Factors that adversely affect mental health represent a major and growing threat to economic, social and public health in the world.
Welcome to Mental Health Europe.
This site provides you with:
* Up-to-date information with key challenges in mental health.
* Information on Mental Health Europe's mission and activities.
* Access to a network of organisations concerned by the state of mental health in Europe.
MHE organized its capacity-building seminar for MHE and ENUSP members on May 20, 2011 in Brussels. Presentations and general information, including the agenda of the seminar
Mental Health Overview
Just as physical health is important, so is good mental health. Still,
millions of Americans suffer with various types of mental illness and
mental health problems, such as social anxiety, obsessive compulsive
disorder, addiction to drugs and alcohol, and personality disorders.
Mental illness and psychological disorders have good treatment options
with medications, psychotherapy, or other treatments.
Attitudes to mental health
Mental health is about how we think, feel and behave. One in four
people in the UK has a mental health problem at some point, which can
affect their daily life, relationships or physical health.
Mental health problems can affect anyone. Without support and treatment, mental health problems can have a serious effect on the individual and those around them.
Every year in the UK, more than 250,000 people are admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 people commit suicide.
Diseases such as dementia generally develop in old age, whereas eating disorders are more common in young people.
There is no single cause of mental health problems and the reasons they develop are complex.
Mental health problems can affect anyone. Without support and treatment, mental health problems can have a serious effect on the individual and those around them.
Every year in the UK, more than 250,000 people are admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 people commit suicide.
Mental health disorders
Mental health disorders take many different forms and affect people in different ways. Schizophrenia, depression and personality disorders are all types of mental health problem.Diseases such as dementia generally develop in old age, whereas eating disorders are more common in young people.
There is no single cause of mental health problems and the reasons they develop are complex.
What is Good Mental Health?
Good mental health is not simply the absence of diagnosable mental
health problems, although good mental health is likely to help protect
against development of many such problems.
Good mental health is characterised by a person’s ability to fulfil a number of key functions and activities, including:
Good mental health is characterised by a person’s ability to fulfil a number of key functions and activities, including:
Mental health
As many as one in four of us will have some sort of mental health
problem in our lives, yet it’s still a taboo subject. It’s important to
make sure you keep your emotional and mental health in check and
recognise if there’s a problem.
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism, Asperger's Syndrome, and similar developmental disorders
are still poorly understood. Research is finding treatments that help
parents and children manage these disorders, and we know more about what
happens when these children grow up.
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Mental Health Concerns
Diagnosing a mental health condition can only be done by a
qualified health professional. But there are some symptoms that may
raise awareness that there's a concern brewing. Knowing more about the
symptoms of various mental health conditions, and how they are
diagnosed, can help you better understand if you or a loved one is in
need of help.
Life With a Mental Health Concern
Living with a mental health condition means not only taking efforts
to manage it, but coping with the ways in which it can affect your life
and those in it. If you're faced with a mental health concern, or if
you are the loved one of someone who is, there are things you can do to
help make way for a better life.
Mental Illness - Mental Disorders
Information about different mental disorders. Diagnosis
is not always exact, and some of these disorders overlap. Most of the
content is in the "More Categories" folders in the right-hand column.
About Mental Health
Mental Health affects us all. How we think and feel about ourselves and our lives impacts on our behaviour and how we cope in tough times.
It affects our ability to make the most of the opportunities that come our way and play a full part amongst our family, workplace, community and friends. It’s also closely linked with our physical health.Whether we call it well-being, emotional welfare or mental health, it’s key to living a fulfilling life.
What are Mental Health Problems?
Mental health problems range from the worries we all experience as part of everyday life to serious long-term conditions. The majority of people who experience mental health problems can get over them or learn to live with them, especially if they get help early on.
Mental health problems are usually defined and classified to enable professionals to refer people for appropriate care and treatment. But some diagnoses are controversial and there is much concern in the mental health field that people are too often treated according to or described by their label. This can have a profound effect on their quality of life. Nevertheless, diagnoses remain the most usual way of dividing and classifying symptoms into groups.
Most mental health symptoms have traditionally been divided into groups called either ‘neurotic’ or ‘psychotic’ symptoms. ‘Neurotic’ covers those symptoms which can be regarded as severe forms of ‘normal’ emotional experiences such as depression, anxiety or panic. Conditions formerly referred to as ‘neuroses’ are now more frequently called ‘common mental health problems.’
Less common are ‘psychotic’ symptoms, which interfere with a person’s perception of reality, and may include hallucinations such as seeing, hearing, smelling or feeling things that no one else can.
Mental health problems affect the way you think, feel and behave. They are problems that can be diagnosed by a doctor, not personal weaknesses.
Mental health problems are very common. About a quarter of the population experience some kind of mental health problem in any one year.
Anxiety and depression are the most common problems, with around 1 in 10 people affected at any one time. Anxiety and depression can be severe and long-lasting and have a big impact on people’s ability to get on with life.
Between one and two in every 100 people experience a severe mental illness, such as bi-polar disorder or schizophrenia, and have periods when they lose touch with reality. People affected may hear voices, see things no one else sees, hold unusual or irrational beliefs, feel unrealistically powerful, or read particular meanings into everyday events.
Although certain symptoms are common in specific mental health problems, no two people behave in exactly the same way when they are unwell.
Many people who live with a mental health problem or are developing one try to keep their feelings hidden because they are afraid of other people’s reactions. And many people feel troubled without having a diagnosed, or diagnosable, mental health problem - although that doesn’t mean they aren’t struggling to cope with daily life.
Mental health problems are usually defined and classified to enable professionals to refer people for appropriate care and treatment. But some diagnoses are controversial and there is much concern in the mental health field that people are too often treated according to or described by their label. This can have a profound effect on their quality of life. Nevertheless, diagnoses remain the most usual way of dividing and classifying symptoms into groups.
Most mental health symptoms have traditionally been divided into groups called either ‘neurotic’ or ‘psychotic’ symptoms. ‘Neurotic’ covers those symptoms which can be regarded as severe forms of ‘normal’ emotional experiences such as depression, anxiety or panic. Conditions formerly referred to as ‘neuroses’ are now more frequently called ‘common mental health problems.’
Less common are ‘psychotic’ symptoms, which interfere with a person’s perception of reality, and may include hallucinations such as seeing, hearing, smelling or feeling things that no one else can.
Mental health problems affect the way you think, feel and behave. They are problems that can be diagnosed by a doctor, not personal weaknesses.
Mental health problems are very common. About a quarter of the population experience some kind of mental health problem in any one year.
Anxiety and depression are the most common problems, with around 1 in 10 people affected at any one time. Anxiety and depression can be severe and long-lasting and have a big impact on people’s ability to get on with life.
Between one and two in every 100 people experience a severe mental illness, such as bi-polar disorder or schizophrenia, and have periods when they lose touch with reality. People affected may hear voices, see things no one else sees, hold unusual or irrational beliefs, feel unrealistically powerful, or read particular meanings into everyday events.
Although certain symptoms are common in specific mental health problems, no two people behave in exactly the same way when they are unwell.
Many people who live with a mental health problem or are developing one try to keep their feelings hidden because they are afraid of other people’s reactions. And many people feel troubled without having a diagnosed, or diagnosable, mental health problem - although that doesn’t mean they aren’t struggling to cope with daily life.
10 Ways to Look After Your Mental Health
Anyone can make simple changes that have a huge impact on their mental health and wellbeing. We've come up with ten practical ways to take care of yourself and get the most from life.
Mental health is about the way you think and feel and your ability to deal with ups and downs. Making simple changes to how you live doesn't need to cost a fortune or take up loads of time. Anyone can follow our advice.
Talk About Your Feelings
Talking about your feelings can help you stay in good
mental health and deal with times when you feel troubled. Talking about
your feelings isn’t a sign of weakness. It’s part of taking charge of
your wellbeing and doing what you can to stay healthy.
Eat Well
There are strong links between what we eat and how we
feel – for example, caffeine and sugar can have an immediate effect.
But food can also have a long-lasting effect on your mental health.
Keep in Touch
Friends and family can make you feel included and cared
for. They can offer different views from whatever’s going on inside
your own head. They can help keep you active, keep you grounded and help
you solve practical problems.
Take a Break
A change of scene or a change of pace is good for your
mental health. It could be a five-minute pause from cleaning your
kitchen, a half-hour lunch break at work or a weekend exploring
somewhere new. A few minutes can be enough to de-stress you.
Accept Who You Are
Some of us make people laugh, some are good at maths,
others cook fantastic meals. Some of us share our lifestyle with the
people who live close to us, others live very differently. We’re all
different.
Keep Active
Experts believe exercise releases chemicals in your
brain that make you feel good. Regular exercise can boost your
self-esteem and help you concentrate, sleep, look and feel better.
Exercise also keeps the brain and your other vital organs healthy.
Drink Sensibly
We often drink alcohol to change our mood. Some people drink to deal with fear or loneliness, but the effect is only temporary.
Ask for Help
None of us are superhuman. We all sometimes get tired
or overwhelmed by how we feel or when things go wrong. If things are
getting too much for you and you feel you can’t cope, ask for help.
Do Something You're Good At
What do you love doing? What activities can you lose
yourself in? What did you love doing in the past? Enjoying yourself
helps beat stress. Doing an activity you enjoy probably means you’re
good at it and achieving something boosts your self-esteem.
Care for Others
Caring for others is often an important part of keeping
up relationships with people close to you. It can even bring you closer
together.
Mental Health Issues
This study examines mental health issues among women of
different sexual orientations. An anonymous survey was administered at
33 health care sites across the United States; the sample (N = 1304)
included lesbians (n = 524), bisexual (n = 143) and heterosexual women
(n = 637). Not only did sexual orientation influence the probability of
experiencing emotional stress, but also whether a bisexual woman or
lesbian had disclosed her sexual orientation (was “out”) impacted the
likelihood of having or having had mental health problems. Bisexual
women and lesbians experienced more emotional stress as teenagers than
did heterosexual women. Bisexual women were more than twice as likely to
have had an eating disorder compared to lesbians. If a bisexual woman
reported being out she was twice as likely to have had an eating
disorder compared to a heterosexual woman. Lesbians who were not out and
bisexual women who were out were 2-2.5 times more likely to experience
suicidal ideation in the past 12 months. Lesbians and bisexual women who
were not out were more likely to have had a suicide attempt compared to
heterosexual women. Lesbians used psychotherapy for depression more
commonly than did heterosexual or bisexual women. This is one of the few
studies that compares lesbians, bisexual and heterosexual women. The
implications of these findings are discussed.
Services for older people
A recent report by the Audit Commission surveyed 850 carers and 1005 general practitioners by visiting 12 areas of the United Kingdom and conducting face to face interviews.2 The results showed that the range of services in health authorities was patchy and varied between the different authorities; in addition, coordinated care between health and social services was lacking. Individual components of old age psychiatry services have been evaluated and described in the literature. Memory clinics, for example, improve significantly the quality of life in carers of people with dementia because of the treatment and advice they offer.3,4 In dementia, there has been a particular emphasis on earlier and more open diagnosis to enable individuals to make choices and decisions about their future care at an earlier stage and to offer possible opportunities for treatment.5 Considerable interest has also been shown about improving care for people with established dementia—for example, using the person centred approach advocated by Kitwood.6 Effective liaison services at the interface between old age psychiatry and old age medicine lead to workable models, with some early indications of good efficacy.7
Mental health problems
Specialist mental health services for older people have grown rapidly
and successfully over the past two decades, aiming to offer services
that are comprehensive, accessible, responsive, individualised,
multidisciplinary, accountable, and systematic. As with all mental
health problems, the burden falls on primary care (where minor morbidity
often goes undetected) and specialist services tend to be reserved for
those conditions and patients where diagnosis and management is
problematic. The total cost of caring for people with dementia in the
United Kingdom is estimated at £6bn ($9bn) a year1—a
figure whose impact is diluted by the fact that it combines both health
and social services. We outline the current evidence of benefit in four
areas: services currently available; interventions that have been shown
to be effective; rating scales that should be recommended to clinicians
for detecting common mental health problems; and the needs of carers.
Summary points
- Recent reports have highlighted the needs of older people with mental health problems
- Mental health problems are underrecognised and undertreated in primary care
- The use of guidelines and standardised screening instruments may improve this
- Caring for a person with dementia is stressful, and carers' needs are being increasingly recognised
- Carer interventions in people with dementia have been shown to be effective in randomised controlled trials
- Depression, the commonest mental health disorder in later life, is eminently treatable, but psychological therapies are underused
Removal of categories of mental disorder
(1)Section 1(2) of the 1983 Act (key definitions) is amended as set out in subsections (2) and (3).
(2)For the definitions of “mental disorder” and “mentally disordered” substitute—
““mental disorder” means any disorder or disability of the mind; and
“mentally disordered” shall be construed accordingly;”.
(3)The following definitions are omitted—
(a)those of “severe mental impairment” and “severely mentally impaired”,
(b)those of “mental impairment” and “mentally impaired”, and
(c)that of “psychopathic disorder”.
(4)Schedule 1 (which contains further amendments to the 1983 Act and amendments to other Acts) has effect.
(2)For the definitions of “mental disorder” and “mentally disordered” substitute—
““mental disorder” means any disorder or disability of the mind; and
“mentally disordered” shall be construed accordingly;”.
(3)The following definitions are omitted—
(a)those of “severe mental impairment” and “severely mentally impaired”,
(b)those of “mental impairment” and “mentally impaired”, and
(c)that of “psychopathic disorder”.
(4)Schedule 1 (which contains further amendments to the 1983 Act and amendments to other Acts) has effect.
lundi 30 janvier 2012
Physical Activity for People with Mobility Issues or Disabilities
The
active living movement has encouraged all of us to be more physically
active in our daily lives and to maintain or improve our health. People
with disabilities or mobility issues can achieve important health
benefits by being as physically active as possible.
This article outlines:
Although every individual is different, it’s true that some people with disabilities or mobility issues are not as active as others. If you have a disability or limited mobility – and are leading a sedentary lifestyle – you may be at greater risk of being obese, or experiencing Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or coronary heart disease.
For anyone with a disability or mobility issue, it’s vital to be as physically active as possible. Equally, it’s important to find ways to overcome any barriers you may face as you try to become physically active. These barriers may include affordability and/or a lack of access, transportation and information.
The Benefits of Physical Activity are RealWhether you have a short-term or long-term disability, or are experiencing mobility issues for any reason, physical activity can:
This article outlines:
- the benefits of physical activity for people with disabilities
- the benefits of physical activity for people with mobility issues (due to a disability, health condition, age or other factors)
- ways to adapt various activities to meet special needs
- benefits of cardiovascular, strength and flexibility activities
Although every individual is different, it’s true that some people with disabilities or mobility issues are not as active as others. If you have a disability or limited mobility – and are leading a sedentary lifestyle – you may be at greater risk of being obese, or experiencing Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or coronary heart disease.
For anyone with a disability or mobility issue, it’s vital to be as physically active as possible. Equally, it’s important to find ways to overcome any barriers you may face as you try to become physically active. These barriers may include affordability and/or a lack of access, transportation and information.
The Benefits of Physical Activity are RealWhether you have a short-term or long-term disability, or are experiencing mobility issues for any reason, physical activity can:
- Give you an enhanced sense of control.
- Allow you to focus on your physical abilities, not your disability or mobility issue.
- Give you more energy and strength to do things on your own, whether at home or at work, or for tasks such as grocery shopping or housework.
- Help them to feel they’re not alone when working towards fitness or health goals.
- Provide a social outlet where people can discuss common experiences, talk about solutions to various challenges and just have fun together.
Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines
“Canadian
children and youth spend sixty-two per cent of their waking hours in
sedentary pursuits, with six to eight hours per day of screen time as
the average for school-aged kids,” said Dr. Mark Tremblay, Director,
Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research (HALO) at the CHEO Research
Institute, and Chair of the CSEP Physical Activity Guidelines Committee.
When Kids Get GoingThe good news is that
reducing sedentary time can provide health benefits. According to
Tremblay, lower levels of sedentary behaviour are “consistently
associated with improved body composition, cardio-respiratory and
musculoskeletal fitness, academic achievement and even self-esteem.”
“Generally, kids that are active are better learners,” said Brian Torrance, Director of Ever Active Schools in Edmonton, Alberta. “For instance, school kids that have had a 10-minute walk before a test arrive at the exam with their ‘neurons firing’ and are more relaxed, so test results are better.”
Torrance suggests that some schools may not be as aware of the need to reduce sedentary time as others. “Awareness at the school level about limiting sedentary behaviour definitely needs to increase, so these new guidelines are a helpful tool to boost that awareness,” he said.
Sedentary Guidelines Complement Physical Activity GuidelinesJohn C. Spence, Associate Dean, Research, at the University of Alberta’s Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, explains that some researchers are now finding that simply being less sedentary provides health benefits, regardless of the amount of moderate or vigorous physical activity or exercise a person may do each day. “What this research shows is that just by standing for longer periods and moving around more often during the day, a person will burn several hundred more calories per day. “
But Spence and other experts are quick to add a word of caution: simply being less sedentary is only part of the solution on the road to good health.
In fact, the Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Youth are complementary to the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for the same age range.
“Generally, kids that are active are better learners,” said Brian Torrance, Director of Ever Active Schools in Edmonton, Alberta. “For instance, school kids that have had a 10-minute walk before a test arrive at the exam with their ‘neurons firing’ and are more relaxed, so test results are better.”
Torrance suggests that some schools may not be as aware of the need to reduce sedentary time as others. “Awareness at the school level about limiting sedentary behaviour definitely needs to increase, so these new guidelines are a helpful tool to boost that awareness,” he said.
Sedentary Guidelines Complement Physical Activity GuidelinesJohn C. Spence, Associate Dean, Research, at the University of Alberta’s Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, explains that some researchers are now finding that simply being less sedentary provides health benefits, regardless of the amount of moderate or vigorous physical activity or exercise a person may do each day. “What this research shows is that just by standing for longer periods and moving around more often during the day, a person will burn several hundred more calories per day. “
But Spence and other experts are quick to add a word of caution: simply being less sedentary is only part of the solution on the road to good health.
In fact, the Canadian Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines for Children and Youth are complementary to the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines for the same age range.
Recreation and Active Living at Major Alberta Conferences
October
2011 marks an exciting time for people and organizations from Alberta
and across Canada who will be converging in the Alberta Rockies for two
major conferences, both of which have strong ties to different aspects
of wellness, recreation and active living.
For instance, one of the objectives of the 2011 Symposium is to “stimulate new partnerships and opportunities for networking and engagement between multiple sectors (within and beyond the traditional health sector) and at all levels of society that promote wellness.”
The 2011 Symposium follows on the heels of an Action on Wellness Forum hosted by Alberta Health and Wellness in 2010. Due in part to the success of the 2010 Forum, the idea of launching an international symposium gained strength.
Like the 2010 Forum, the 2011 Symposium will approach wellness from four themes: healthy eating, active living, mental well-being and addiction prevention. More than 100 speakers will be on tap, while hundreds of attendees are expected from Alberta, Canada and around the world.
"Everyone has opportunities to be a positive influence and model healthier behaviour wherever they work, live learn and play,” said Gene Zwozdesky, Minister of Health and Wellness. “Alberta’s first-ever International Action on Wellness Symposium will bring together wellness experts from around the world to the beautiful Banff Springs Hotel to inspire attendees and give them the tools and strategies to champion wellness in their own communities.”
- The first event is the 2011 International Action on Wellness Symposium, hosted by Alberta Health and Wellness, which will take place in Banff from October 11-13. The conference theme is “Building a Healthier Tomorrow Together.”
- The second is the 2011 National Recreation Summit, from October 23-26 in Lake Louise. The Summit is a joint effort between the Canadian Parks and Recreation Association (CPRA) and the Interprovincial Sport and Recreation Council (ISRC) along with federal government agencies. The event will be co-hosted by Alberta Tourism, Parks and Recreation and the Alberta Recreation and Parks Association (ARPA). The conference theme is “Recreation, Community and Quality of Life.”
For instance, one of the objectives of the 2011 Symposium is to “stimulate new partnerships and opportunities for networking and engagement between multiple sectors (within and beyond the traditional health sector) and at all levels of society that promote wellness.”
The 2011 Symposium follows on the heels of an Action on Wellness Forum hosted by Alberta Health and Wellness in 2010. Due in part to the success of the 2010 Forum, the idea of launching an international symposium gained strength.
Like the 2010 Forum, the 2011 Symposium will approach wellness from four themes: healthy eating, active living, mental well-being and addiction prevention. More than 100 speakers will be on tap, while hundreds of attendees are expected from Alberta, Canada and around the world.
"Everyone has opportunities to be a positive influence and model healthier behaviour wherever they work, live learn and play,” said Gene Zwozdesky, Minister of Health and Wellness. “Alberta’s first-ever International Action on Wellness Symposium will bring together wellness experts from around the world to the beautiful Banff Springs Hotel to inspire attendees and give them the tools and strategies to champion wellness in their own communities.”
Physical Activity Impacts Overall Quality of Sleep
A nationally representative sample of more than 2,600 men and women,
ages 18-85, found that 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity a
week, which is the national guideline, provided a 65 percent improvement
in sleep quality. People also said they felt less sleepy during the
day, compared to those with less physical activity.
The study, out in the December issue of the journal Mental Health and Physical Activity, lends more evidence to mounting research showing the importance of exercise to a number of health factors. Among adults in the United States, about 35 to 40 percent of the population has problems with falling asleep or with daytime sleepiness.
"We were using the physical activity guidelines set forth for cardiovascular health, but it appears that those guidelines might have a spillover effect to other areas of health," said Brad Cardinal, a professor of exercise science at Oregon State University and one of the study's authors.
"Increasingly, the scientific evidence is encouraging as regular physical activity may serve as a non-pharmaceutical alternative to improve sleep."
After controlling for age, BMI (Body Mass Index), health status, smoking status, and depression, the relative risk of often feeling overly sleepy during the day compared to never feeling overly sleepy during the day decreased by 65 percent for participants meeting physical activity guidelines.
Similar results were also found for having leg cramps while sleeping (68 percent less likely) and having difficulty concentrating when tired (45 percent decrease).
Paul Loprinzi, an assistant professor at Bellarmine University is lead author of the study, which was conducted while he was a doctoral student in Cardinal's lab at OSU. He said it is the first study to examine the relationship between accelerometer-measured physical activity and sleep while utilizing a nationally representative sample of adults of all ages.
'Our findings demonstrate a link between regular physical activity and perceptions of sleepiness during the day, which suggests that participation in physical activity on a regular basis may positively influence an individual's productivity at work, or in the case of a student, influence their ability to pay attention in class," he said.
Cardinal said past studies linking physical activity and sleep used only self-reports of exercise. The danger with this is that many people tend to overestimate the amount of activity they do, he said.
He added that the take-away for consumers is to remember that exercise has a number of health benefits, and that can include helping feel alert and awake.
"Physical activity may not just be good for the waistline and heart, but it also can help you sleep," Cardinal said. "There are trade-offs. It may be easier when you are tired to skip the workout and go to sleep, but it may be beneficial for your long-term health to make the hard decision and get your exercise."
The study, out in the December issue of the journal Mental Health and Physical Activity, lends more evidence to mounting research showing the importance of exercise to a number of health factors. Among adults in the United States, about 35 to 40 percent of the population has problems with falling asleep or with daytime sleepiness.
"We were using the physical activity guidelines set forth for cardiovascular health, but it appears that those guidelines might have a spillover effect to other areas of health," said Brad Cardinal, a professor of exercise science at Oregon State University and one of the study's authors.
"Increasingly, the scientific evidence is encouraging as regular physical activity may serve as a non-pharmaceutical alternative to improve sleep."
After controlling for age, BMI (Body Mass Index), health status, smoking status, and depression, the relative risk of often feeling overly sleepy during the day compared to never feeling overly sleepy during the day decreased by 65 percent for participants meeting physical activity guidelines.
Similar results were also found for having leg cramps while sleeping (68 percent less likely) and having difficulty concentrating when tired (45 percent decrease).
Paul Loprinzi, an assistant professor at Bellarmine University is lead author of the study, which was conducted while he was a doctoral student in Cardinal's lab at OSU. He said it is the first study to examine the relationship between accelerometer-measured physical activity and sleep while utilizing a nationally representative sample of adults of all ages.
'Our findings demonstrate a link between regular physical activity and perceptions of sleepiness during the day, which suggests that participation in physical activity on a regular basis may positively influence an individual's productivity at work, or in the case of a student, influence their ability to pay attention in class," he said.
Cardinal said past studies linking physical activity and sleep used only self-reports of exercise. The danger with this is that many people tend to overestimate the amount of activity they do, he said.
He added that the take-away for consumers is to remember that exercise has a number of health benefits, and that can include helping feel alert and awake.
"Physical activity may not just be good for the waistline and heart, but it also can help you sleep," Cardinal said. "There are trade-offs. It may be easier when you are tired to skip the workout and go to sleep, but it may be beneficial for your long-term health to make the hard decision and get your exercise."
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